Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a co-receptor expressed by activated, memory T cells and regulatory T cells 1,2,3,4,5,6. It is a homodimer that can bind to the homodimeric ligands CD80 ...

When evaluating the dynamic performance of precision analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) using fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis, coherent sampling typically is used to accurately measure the ...

A gene therapy that targets a form of retinitis pigmentosa showed a signal to improve retinal function for up to 3 years after treatment, according to a small clinical trial. The phase 2 SKYLINE trial ...

Type 1 diabetes is caused by insulin deficiency resulting from immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Its cause is multifactorial, with complex genetic factors and a strong influence of ...

Unlike digital RF generators that produce only sine waves, function generators can produce repetitive waveforms of different shapes such as sine, square, triangular, sawtooth, and pulse. Function ...

Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...