Mathematical logic provides a rigorous framework for analysing the structure of mathematical reasoning, enabling a deep understanding of both formal systems and the nature of proofs. Central to this ...

A computer program is identified with the strongest predicate describing every relevant observation that can be made of the behaviour of a computer executing that program. A programming language is a ...

Synthese spans the topics of Epistemology, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Coverage includes the theory of knowledge; general methodological problems of science, of induction and probability, ...