Logic signals have fallen from the 15V of the old CMOS 4000 series to 5V TTL (transistor-to-transistor logic) to modern CMOS levels of 3.3, 2.7, and 1.8V. Advanced processes use digital logic that ...

If your introduction to digital electronics came more years ago than you’d care to mention, the chances are you did so with 5V TTL logic. Above 2V but usually pretty close to 5V is a logic 1, below ...

Often, it becomes necessary to interface an existing or new 5V AVR / PIC / MCU project to new devices that use 3.3V logic, like memory cards, sim cards, etc. Described here is a circuit that converts ...

There is one thing that unites almost every computer and logic circuit commonly used in the hardware hacking and experimentation arena. No matter what its age, speed, or internal configuration, ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

Scientists have succeeded in developing logic circuits equipped with diamond-based MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors) at two different operation modes. This achievement is a ...

Multiple droplets of a magnetic fluid have been used to create all of the fundamental logic circuits within a computer. Created by researchers in the US, the circuits are made by having the ...